Birinci Kongo Savaşı

Birinci Kongo Savaşı
	Ruanda soykırımının ardından, Burundi İç Savaşının ve İkinci Sudan İç Savaşının sonucu
	; AFDL saldırısını gösteren harita
Tarih	24 Ekim 1996 – 16 Mayıs 1997
Bölge	Zaire, çatışmalar aynı zamanda Uganda ve Sudan'a da taştı
Sonuç	Kesin AFDL zaferi Zaire ismi tekrar Democratic Republic of the Congo oldu; İkinci Kongo Savaşı'nın başlaması;
Taraflar
Zaire Zaire Silahlı Kuvvetleri; Beyaz Lejyon; Sudan; Çad; FAR/ALiR; Interahamwe; CNDD-FDD; UNITA; ADF; FLNC; Destekleyenler:; Fransa; Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti; Çin; İsrail; Kuveyt (reddedildi) Mai-Mai	AFDL; Ruanda; Uganda; Burundi; Angola; SHKO; Eritre; Supported by:; Güney Afrika; Zambiya; Zimbabve; Etiyopya; Tanzanya; ABD (gizlice) Mai-Mai

Birinci Kongo Savaşı (1996-1997), "Afrika'nın Birinci Dünya Savaşı" olarak da bilinen, Ruanda önderliğinde Zaire'nin işgal edilmesiyle başlayan ve Zaire diktatörü Mobutu Sese Seko'nun devrilmesiyle sonlanan uluslararası bir savaştır. Zaire Devlet Başkanı Mobutu Sese Seko devrilip, yerine Ruanda'nın desteklediği Laurent-Désiré Kabila geçmiştir. Ancak bir yıl sonra, Kabila'nın istikrarsız hükûmeti eski müttefikleri olan Ruanda ve Uganda ile savaşa girmiş ve 1998'den 2003'e kadar süren İkinci Kongo Savaşı başlamıştır.

Notlar

^ ^a ^b Doğu Zaire'deki birçok Mai-Mai milisi başlangıçta Hutu militanlarına ve mültecilere karşı Ruanda ve AFDL ile ittifak kurdu.^[10] Ancak çoğu Hutu kovulur kovulmaz birçok Mai-Mai grubu Ruanda ve AFDL'ye karşı tavır aldı.^[11] Buna rağmen bazı Hutu karşıtı Mai-Mai'ler Ruanda ve AFDL ile müttefik kalmaya devam etti.^[12]

Kaynakça

^ ^a ^b Prunier (2004), ss. 376–377.
^ Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. s. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
^ Prunier (2009), ss. 116–118.
^ Duke, Lynne (20 Mayıs 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. s. A10. 24 Şubat 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.
^ ^a ^b Prunier (2004), ss. 375–377.
^ Reyntjens 2009, ss. 112–113.
^ "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. Cilt 20-21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.
^ ^a ^b Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé
^ ^a ^b ^c Reyntjens 2009, ss. 112.
^ Prunier (2009), ss. 117, 130, 143.
^ Prunier (2009), s. 130.
^ Prunier (2009), s. 143.
^ Prunier (2004), ss. 375–376.
^ ^a ^b Duke, Lynne (15 Nisan 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. s. A14. 24 Şubat 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
^ Plaut (2016), ss. 54–55.
^ ^a ^b "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. s. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
^ Reyntjens 2009, ss. 65–66.
^ Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. s. 36.
^ Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. s. 173.
^ Prunier (2009), ss. 118, 126–127.

[Mai-Mai-13] Doğu Zaire'deki birçok Mai-Mai milisi başlangıçta Hutu militanlarına ve mültecilere karşı Ruanda ve AFDL ile ittifak kurdu.^[10] Ancak çoğu Hutu kovulur kovulmaz birçok Mai-Mai grubu Ruanda ve AFDL'ye karşı tavır aldı.^[11] Buna rağmen bazı Hutu karşıtı Mai-Mai'ler Ruanda ve AFDL ile müttefik kalmaya devam etti.^[12]

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2004376–377-1] Prunier (2004), ss. 376–377.

[chad-2] Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. s. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009116–118-3] Prunier (2009), ss. 116–118.

[4] Duke, Lynne (20 Mayıs 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. s. A10. 24 Şubat 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2004375–377-5] Prunier (2004), ss. 375–377.

[FOOTNOTEReyntjens2009112–113-6] Reyntjens 2009, ss. 112–113.

[france-7] "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. Cilt 20-21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.

[CAR-8] Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé

[FOOTNOTEReyntjens2009112-9] Reyntjens 2009, ss. 112.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009117,_130,_143-10] Prunier (2009), ss. 117, 130, 143.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009130-11] Prunier (2009), s. 130.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009143-12] Prunier (2009), s. 143.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2004375–376-14] Prunier (2004), ss. 375–376.

[WashingtonPostApril15-15] Duke, Lynne (15 Nisan 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. s. A14. 24 Şubat 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.

[FOOTNOTEPlaut201654–55-16] Plaut (2016), ss. 54–55.

[icg-17] "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. s. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa

[FOOTNOTEReyntjens200965–66-18] Reyntjens 2009, ss. 65–66.

[19] Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. s. 36.

[nyerere-20] Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. s. 173.

[FOOTNOTEPrunier2009118,_126–127-21] Prunier (2009), ss. 118, 126–127.

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