Vitalienbrüder

Vitalienbrüder
Vitalienbrüder
Vitalienbrüder
	Bir duvar resminde dönemin Vitalienbrüder temsili, Bunge Kilisesi, Gotland, İsveç, y. 1405
Sonraki ad	Fransızca: vitailleurs (yiyecek satanlar, Yüz Yıl Savaşı)
Kuruluş	y. 1393
Kapanış	y. 1440
Merkez	Visby, Gotland, İsveç
Konum	Kuzey Denizi ve Baltık Denizi, Almanya ve İskandinavya;
Yöntemler	Paralı deniz birliği, abluka yarmak, korsanlık
Üyeler	yaklaşık 1.400 kişi
Resmî diller	(Orta) Aşağı Almanca

Victual Brothers, Vitalien Brothers^[2]^[3] ya da Vitalian Brethren^[4] (Almanca: Vitalienbrüder,^[1]^:146^[5]^[6] Norveççe: Vitaliebrødrene^[7]) 14. yüzyılda Germen korsanlardan oluşan gevşek bir şekilde organize edilmiş bir loncaydı. Başlangıçta Mecklenburg soylularını içeriyordu, ancak daha sonra sıradan insanlardan oluşan bir örgüt haline geldi ve daha sonra korsanlığa dönüştü.^[1]^:146ff^[5]^[8] Loncanın o dönemde Kuzey ve Baltık Denizlerindeki deniz ticareti üzerinde açık bir tarihsel etkisi vardır.^[3]^[5] Korsan olarak, abluka altındaki yerlerden tedarik sağladılar;^[7] bunun dışında Danimarka Kraliçesi ve Mecklenburg ve Doğu Frizya hükümdarlarının da aralarında bulunduğu müşterileriyle birlikte^[1]^:146f^[3] bölgesel yöneticiler adına bir deniz birliği olarak hizmet ettiler.^[9] Faaliyetleri korsanlığa dönüştükçe amaçlar kişisel zenginleşmeye yöneldi.^[3]

Gotland'daki üssün İsveç kralı Albrekt tarafından Töton Şövalyeleri'ne verilmesi, Gotland'ın işgaline ve Visby'nin Konrad von Jungingen ve Şövalyeler tarafından 1398'de yok edilmesine yol açmıştır.^[10] Bu müdahale, Hamburg'da gruplarından bazılarının idam edilmesi^[3] ve Hansa Birliği'nin Baltık Denizi üzerinde kontrol etme ve güvenli ticaret yapma yönündeki devam eden çabası, denizcilik etkilerinin değişmesine ve grubun gerilemesine yol açmıştır.

Kaynakça

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Meier, Dirk (2006). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832379. 31 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022. [p. 146] During the Hundred Years' war… people who provisioned the army were called vitailleurs. In 1394, when Mecklenburg was at war with Denmark, the Dukes of Mecklenburg hired pirates (known as Vitalienbrüder) whose job was to maintain a supply of food for the city of Stockholm, under siege by the Danes. … [ p. 146f] The ducal house of Mecklenburg was unable to equip a navy… but instead sought allies among the commercial ship-owners in what became known as the Kaperkrieg, or Privateers' War, against Denmark… the first time in the history of Nordic hostilities that use had been made of pirates. The Chronicle of Lubeck, by the scribe Detmar [says]: 'In the same year, when the ships from Rostock and Wismar were setting sail for Stockholm under Duke Johann, the men from [those towns] made a proclamation that whosoever wished to try his luck as a freebooter at his own expense, in order to harm the realms of Denmark and Norway, should assemble… to be given 'letters-of-marque'… which gave them leave freely to share out, exchange, and sell the plundered goods. The Prince ordered that the same be proclaimed, and that the ports of Ribnitz and Golwitz should be opened for all… who wished to harm those aforementioned realms.' In this way, the nobility of Mecklenburg entered into a compact with bands of roving and unorganised pirates… The poverty of some of the minor aristocracy may well have encouraged them to support and indeed join the pirates, in the hope of sharing some of ther booty… [p. 147] The Vitalienbrüder became a new and unpredictable power, no longer beholden to anyone. In the written sources, we not only find the name 'Vitalienbrüder', but also 'Likedeeler' ('equal sharers'). Yet the risks the pirates took were not small. Note, the sole reference to Likedeelers in this book is in this quotation. In the rest of the book, only Vitalienbrüder is used for the band.
^ Konstam, Angus (2011). Piracy–The Complete History from 1300 BC to the Present Day (İngilizce). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ss. 27–28. ISBN 9780762768356. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Stegen, Gudrun (23 Ağustos 2011). Bowen, Kate (Ed.). "Germany's Most Famous Pirate a Cross Between Robin Hood [sic], Odysseus". Deutsche Welle/DW.com. 28 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022. …Störtebeker was born in Wismar in 1360, and hooked up with the Vitalien Brothers, a pirate syndicate… regularly commissioned by various clients to rob ships in the Baltic Sea. "Customers" ranged from the Danish queen to the rulers of Mecklenburg to the chieftains of East Frisia. / Historian Jörgen Bracker [of Hamburg's Municipal Museum] doesn't see anything heroic in thievery… and [he] is one of the few experts in all things Störtebeker. / 'These Vitalien Brothers divided up all their loot among themselves… People should surrender the notion that these men were willing to give up any of their booty'… Either way, people love a legend… [and] Störteneker's death is… part of that legend… While the other Vitalien Brothers were executed in Hamburg, 'there's no evidence that Störtebeker was among them,' Bracker said. Note, the DW.com headline chosen for this article, with its reference to the altruistic thief Robin Hood, appears to contradict the actual content of the article.
^ Rohmann, G. (2017). Did the activity of the ‘Vitalian Brethren’ prevent trade in the Baltic area? In M. Balard & C. Buchet (Eds.), The Sea in History - The Medieval World (NED-New edition, pp. 585–594). Boydell & Brewer. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1kgqt6m.56
^ ^a ^b ^c Note, the following is a children's source. Bachmann, Birgit; Müller, Stefan R. (2002). "Piraten in Norddeutschland [Pirates in North Germany]". Blinde-Kuh.de (Almanca). s. 3. 10 Şubat 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Anfang 1389 herrschte Dänemark fast schon über ganz Schweden, nur Stockholm, eine Stadt hanseatischer Kaufleute, leistete noch Widerstand. Die Dänen versuchten Stockholm zu gewinnen, in dem sie die Stadt belagerten und so die Bevölkerung immer weniger Lebensmittel erhielt. Die mecklenburgischen Städte Rostock und Wismar stellten Kaperbriefe für alle aus, die auf eigene Faust versuchten, dem dänischen Reich zu schaden, wann immer es ging, um Stockholm zu helfen. So riefen diese Hansestädte ihre alten Feinde um Hilfe. Und diese ließen nicht lange auf sich warten. Als Verbündete, genannt die Vitalienbrüder, weil sie Lebensmittel nach Stockholm durch die dänischen Linien brachten, gelang es den Piraten, die dänische Blockade zu brechen. Stockholm war wieder frei, Königin Margarete zog ihre Truppen zurück und ein Jahr später kam es wieder einmal zum Frieden. / Eigentlich sollten sich auch die Freibeuter wieder auflösen, da der Krieg ja nun zu Ende war, aber das taten sie nicht. Auf der Insel Gotland, in deren Hauptstadt Visby, schlugen sie ihr Hauptquartier auf. In dieser Zeit waren Störtebeker und Michael Gödeke noch keine Kommandanten bei den Freibeutern, dies waren vorwiegend Adlige aus Mecklenburg.
^ For a machine translation of the German quote in the Bachmann & Muller (2002) citation, see below.
^ ^a ^b Salvesen, Helge. "Vitaliebrødrene [Vitalie Brothers]". Opsahl, Erik (Ed.). Store norske leksikon [Large Norwegian Encyclopedia] (Norveççe). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim. 14 Aralık 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022. [The Vitalie Brothers… were about 1400… pirates who operated specifically in the Baltic Sea. / The name was especially used about hijackers from northern German ports who tried to bring food (victuals) to Albrecht of Mecklenburg, who was besieged in Stockholm by Queen Margrethe's army in 1389. The hijackers captured Bergen in 1393 and Malmö and Visby in 1394. / An agreement between Margret[h]e and Albrecht in 1395 led to Albrecht being set free and Stockholm pledged to the Hanseatic League. This deprived the Vitalie [B]rothers of their foundation, but they continued with piracy and plundered Bergen as late as 1429.] For the machine translation of this page that was used for the chapter and title translations, see this link. 10 Eylül 2023 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
^ The point at which the transition from privateers to pirates occurred is not clear from sources, and some sources use the terms seemingly interchangeably. Hence, the children's source Bachmann & Müller (2002) refers to the group, at its advent, when it involved nobility and was employed by Queen Margaret to provision Stockholm, as "pirates". See this source, cited above.
^ See, for instance, Meier, p. 146: "The ducal house of Mecklenburg was unable to equip a navy of its own…".
^ Schulzke, Marion (2001). Dombrowsky, Rainer (Ed.). "Die Vitalienbrüder". jadu.de [Das Internet-Magazin und E-Bibliothek] (Almanca). Berlin, Germany: JaDu—Internetworld. 4 Şubat 2005 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.

Dış bağlantılar

Wikimedia Commons'ta Vitalienbrüder ile ilgili ortam dosyaları bulunmaktadır.

Hayati görevlilerin yaralanmaları ve zararları için tazminat anlaşması (İngiltere Kralı IV. Henry ile Hansa Birliği arasında yapıldı)
Vitalienbrüder (Almanca)

[Meier-1] Meier, Dirk (2006). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832379. 31 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022. [p. 146] During the Hundred Years' war… people who provisioned the army were called vitailleurs. In 1394, when Mecklenburg was at war with Denmark, the Dukes of Mecklenburg hired pirates (known as Vitalienbrüder) whose job was to maintain a supply of food for the city of Stockholm, under siege by the Danes. … [ p. 146f] The ducal house of Mecklenburg was unable to equip a navy… but instead sought allies among the commercial ship-owners in what became known as the Kaperkrieg, or Privateers' War, against Denmark… the first time in the history of Nordic hostilities that use had been made of pirates. The Chronicle of Lubeck, by the scribe Detmar [says]: 'In the same year, when the ships from Rostock and Wismar were setting sail for Stockholm under Duke Johann, the men from [those towns] made a proclamation that whosoever wished to try his luck as a freebooter at his own expense, in order to harm the realms of Denmark and Norway, should assemble… to be given 'letters-of-marque'… which gave them leave freely to share out, exchange, and sell the plundered goods. The Prince ordered that the same be proclaimed, and that the ports of Ribnitz and Golwitz should be opened for all… who wished to harm those aforementioned realms.' In this way, the nobility of Mecklenburg entered into a compact with bands of roving and unorganised pirates… The poverty of some of the minor aristocracy may well have encouraged them to support and indeed join the pirates, in the hope of sharing some of ther booty… [p. 147] The Vitalienbrüder became a new and unpredictable power, no longer beholden to anyone. In the written sources, we not only find the name 'Vitalienbrüder', but also 'Likedeeler' ('equal sharers'). Yet the risks the pirates took were not small. Note, the sole reference to Likedeelers in this book is in this quotation. In the rest of the book, only Vitalienbrüder is used for the band.

[Konstam2011-2] Konstam, Angus (2011). Piracy–The Complete History from 1300 BC to the Present Day (İngilizce). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ss. 27–28. ISBN 9780762768356. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022.

[StegenDW-3] Stegen, Gudrun (23 Ağustos 2011). Bowen, Kate (Ed.). "Germany's Most Famous Pirate a Cross Between Robin Hood [sic], Odysseus". Deutsche Welle/DW.com. 28 Ocak 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022. …Störtebeker was born in Wismar in 1360, and hooked up with the Vitalien Brothers, a pirate syndicate… regularly commissioned by various clients to rob ships in the Baltic Sea. "Customers" ranged from the Danish queen to the rulers of Mecklenburg to the chieftains of East Frisia. / Historian Jörgen Bracker [of Hamburg's Municipal Museum] doesn't see anything heroic in thievery… and [he] is one of the few experts in all things Störtebeker. / 'These Vitalien Brothers divided up all their loot among themselves… People should surrender the notion that these men were willing to give up any of their booty'… Either way, people love a legend… [and] Störteneker's death is… part of that legend… While the other Vitalien Brothers were executed in Hamburg, 'there's no evidence that Störtebeker was among them,' Bracker said. Note, the DW.com headline chosen for this article, with its reference to the altruistic thief Robin Hood, appears to contradict the actual content of the article.

[4] Rohmann, G. (2017). Did the activity of the ‘Vitalian Brethren’ prevent trade in the Baltic area? In M. Balard & C. Buchet (Eds.), The Sea in History - The Medieval World (NED-New edition, pp. 585–594). Boydell & Brewer. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1kgqt6m.56

[BachmannMüller_blindekuh-5] Note, the following is a children's source. Bachmann, Birgit; Müller, Stefan R. (2002). "Piraten in Norddeutschland [Pirates in North Germany]". Blinde-Kuh.de (Almanca). s. 3. 10 Şubat 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Anfang 1389 herrschte Dänemark fast schon über ganz Schweden, nur Stockholm, eine Stadt hanseatischer Kaufleute, leistete noch Widerstand. Die Dänen versuchten Stockholm zu gewinnen, in dem sie die Stadt belagerten und so die Bevölkerung immer weniger Lebensmittel erhielt. Die mecklenburgischen Städte Rostock und Wismar stellten Kaperbriefe für alle aus, die auf eigene Faust versuchten, dem dänischen Reich zu schaden, wann immer es ging, um Stockholm zu helfen. So riefen diese Hansestädte ihre alten Feinde um Hilfe. Und diese ließen nicht lange auf sich warten. Als Verbündete, genannt die Vitalienbrüder, weil sie Lebensmittel nach Stockholm durch die dänischen Linien brachten, gelang es den Piraten, die dänische Blockade zu brechen. Stockholm war wieder frei, Königin Margarete zog ihre Truppen zurück und ein Jahr später kam es wieder einmal zum Frieden. / Eigentlich sollten sich auch die Freibeuter wieder auflösen, da der Krieg ja nun zu Ende war, aber das taten sie nicht. Auf der Insel Gotland, in deren Hauptstadt Visby, schlugen sie ihr Hauptquartier auf. In dieser Zeit waren Störtebeker und Michael Gödeke noch keine Kommandanten bei den Freibeutern, dies waren vorwiegend Adlige aus Mecklenburg.

[6] For a machine translation of the German quote in the Bachmann & Muller (2002) citation, see below.

[SalvesenSNL-7] Salvesen, Helge. "Vitaliebrødrene [Vitalie Brothers]". Opsahl, Erik (Ed.). Store norske leksikon [Large Norwegian Encyclopedia] (Norveççe). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim. 14 Aralık 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ocak 2022. [The Vitalie Brothers… were about 1400… pirates who operated specifically in the Baltic Sea. / The name was especially used about hijackers from northern German ports who tried to bring food (victuals) to Albrecht of Mecklenburg, who was besieged in Stockholm by Queen Margrethe's army in 1389. The hijackers captured Bergen in 1393 and Malmö and Visby in 1394. / An agreement between Margret[h]e and Albrecht in 1395 led to Albrecht being set free and Stockholm pledged to the Hanseatic League. This deprived the Vitalie [B]rothers of their foundation, but they continued with piracy and plundered Bergen as late as 1429.] For the machine translation of this page that was used for the chapter and title translations, see this link. 10 Eylül 2023 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

[8] The point at which the transition from privateers to pirates occurred is not clear from sources, and some sources use the terms seemingly interchangeably. Hence, the children's source Bachmann & Müller (2002) refers to the group, at its advent, when it involved nobility and was employed by Queen Margaret to provision Stockholm, as "pirates". See this source, cited above.

[9] See, for instance, Meier, p. 146: "The ducal house of Mecklenburg was unable to equip a navy of its own…".

[SchulzkeJaDuVitalienbrüder-10] Schulzke, Marion (2001). Dombrowsky, Rainer (Ed.). "Die Vitalienbrüder". jadu.de [Das Internet-Magazin und E-Bibliothek] (Almanca). Berlin, Germany: JaDu—Internetworld. 4 Şubat 2005 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.

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Vitalienbrüder
Vitalienbrüder
Bir duvar resminde dönemin Vitalienbrüder temsili, Bunge Kilisesi, Gotland, İsveç, y. 1405
Sonraki ad	Fransızca: vitailleurs (yiyecek satanlar, Yüz Yıl Savaşı)^[1]^:146
Kuruluş	y. 1393
Kapanış	y. 1440
Merkez	Visby, Gotland, İsveç
Konum	Kuzey Denizi ve Baltık Denizi, Almanya ve İskandinavya
Yöntemler	Paralı deniz birliği, abluka yarmak, korsanlık
Üyeler	yaklaşık 1.400 kişi
Resmî diller	(Orta) Aşağı Almanca